British Catholic Merchants in the Commercial Age : 1670-1714

British Catholic merchants in the long eighteenth century occupied an ambiguous social space. On the one hand, their religion made them marginal and suspect figures in a nation increasingly defining itself by its Protestantism against the Catholic powers of Europe. On the other, their Catholicism, particularly as national rivalries erupted into outright war, afforded them access to markets and contacts overseas which their Protestant competitors found it increasingly difficult to reach. Drawing on extensive original research on the business papers of one prominent Catholic merchant family, the Aylwards, Pizzoni maps a complex network of merchants emanating from trading houses in London, Cadiz and St Malo and linking Britain and Ireland, continental Europe, the Levant and colonial America. She reveals the high level of cooperation between these Catholic houses and their Protestant trading partners - a cooperation which seems to have overridden even such political perils as the Jacobite rebellion - and shows the increasing role played by smuggling and privateering in keeping the wheels of legitimate commerce turning in time of war. A final chapter looks particularly at the business activities of Roman Catholic women, who mostly inherited their husbands' businesses but in many cases developed and expanded them through new activities and investments. This is a rich picture of commercial life in a time of shifting political and religious attitudes when the pressures of mercantilism led to de facto economic integration for the successful Catholic merchant class and opened up the road which would lead to emancipation in the next century. GIADA PIZZONI is a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the University of Exeter.